------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

영어문장 번역 부탁드립니다. USDA research points to viruses spread by pesticide-resistant mites, indicating

영어문장 번역 부탁드립니다.

cont
USDA research points to viruses spread by pesticide-resistant mites, indicating a worrying trendU.S. beekeepers had a disastrous winter. Between June 2024 and January 2025, a full 62% of commercial honey bee colonies in the United States died, according to an extensive survey. It was the largest die-off on record, coming on the heels of a 55% die-off the previous winter. As soon as scientists at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) caught wind of the record-breaking die-offs, they sprang into action—but their efforts were slowed by a series of federal funding cuts and layoffs by President Donald Trump’s administration. Now, 6 months later, USDA scientists have finally identified a culprit. According to a preprint posted to the bioRxiv server this month, nearly all the dead colonies tested positive for bee viruses spread by parasitic mites. Alarmingly, every single one of the mites the researchers screened was resistant to amitraz, the only viable mite-specific pesticide—or miticide—of its kind left in humans’ arsenal.Tracking the rise of miticide resistance is critical, experts say. Honey bees pollinate more than 90 commercial crops in the United States, generate between $20 billion and $30 billion in agricultural revenue, and play a key role in keeping the U.S. food supply stable. “There is a lot at stake,” says Danielle Downey, the executive director of Project Apis m., the nonprofit that conducted the bee die-off survey. USDA did not provide comment on its research to Science after multiple inquiries spanning nearly 3 weeks, with one spokesperson citing a need “to move [the request] through agency clearance.”Miticide-resistant varroa mites have been a growing issue for beekeepers for years, so much so that breeders have sought to develop mite-resistant bee varieties. Since the 1980s, the parasites have evolved global resistance to at least four major classes of miticide. Unfortunately, effective new compounds are notoriously difficult to develop, and amitraz represented one of the best remaining treatments. But the preprint suggests amitraz could soon fall by the wayside.The study’s findings are “concerning,” says Aaron Gross, a toxicologist at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Even a miticide like amitraz, widely considered one of the least toxic options to humans and bees alike, can weaken colonies when applied in high doses, says Gross, an expert in arthropod pesticide resistance who was not involved with the new work. Losing amitraz could be a major blow to beekeepers’ toolbox, he says, as many other miticides are either harsher or less effective. “You not only have to worry about killing the mite itself; you [also] don’t want to damage the honey bee.” USDA researchers identified the mites, and their resistance to amitraz, by combing over dead honey bee colonies in forensic detail. A team led by Jay Evans and Zachary Lamas, both bee researchers at USDA’s Bee Laboratory in Beltsville, Maryland, collected dead bees from 113 affected colonies from across the U.S., as well as samples of wax, pollen, honey, and—when possible—any parasites. The samples were taken to national bee labs in Beltsville and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, where researchers extracted DNA and RNA and analyzed it for snippets of viral or bacterial genetic material. They also sequenced DNA from the recovered varroa mites and looked for genes related to miticide resistance.Matthew Mulica of the Keystone Policy Center, which leads a coalition focused on honey bee health, points out that although mite-borne viruses probably dealt many colonies a killing blow, other factors such as pesticide exposure or inadequate nutrition could have made bees more susceptible to disease. In the coming weeks, USDA is expected to publish an analysis of pesticide residues found in the dead colonies. But according to Mulica, this initial report still serves as a strong initial diagnosis. “It’s a good thing that this study came out and found something we could point to.” As miticides lose their potency, researchers are trying to develop ways of attacking honey bee viruses directly, rather than focusing on controlling varroa mites. The mites’ main threat to bees is spreading single-strand RNA viruses. In principle, a technique called RNA interference could yield treatments that trigger immune responses in bees and protect them against the viruses. But such treatments are still years away from being deployed outside the lab, and Mulica adds that no existing antivirals target these viruses.So for the time being, organizations such as Project Apis m. are advising beekeepers to take an all-of-the-above approach to controlling varroa mites. These measures include rotating through nonamitraz miticides, sterilizing equipment with alcohol or fire, and isolating ailing colonies to prevent mites from spreading. For some beekeepers, however, news of the mites and their resistance to amitraz may have come too late. The preprint was released near the end of U.S. beekeepers’ annual rebuilding window. After the start of summer, it gets harder for them to fully restock their colonies, especially if they haven’t treated their hives for the right issues. Though beekeepers have been working hard to prepare for next year, Downey says many will have to move forward with fewer colonies than they’re used to.Honey bee colonies can recover from one or two tough years, but too many population crashes in a row could spell disaster—which means beekeepers will need organizations such as USDA fully funded and firing on all cylinders, Downey adds. “With the right will and resources, there are tangible efforts that could prevent this happening again,” she says. “The USDA and university labs are key components.”

USDA research points to viruses spread by pesticide-resistant mites, indicating a worrying trend

미국 농무부(USDA) 연구는 농약에 내성을 가진 진드기가 퍼뜨리는 바이러스가 문제의 원인임을 지적하며, 우려스러운 경향을 나타낸다.

U.S. beekeepers had a disastrous winter. Between June 2024 and January 2025, a full 62% of commercial honey bee colonies in the United States died, according to an extensive survey. It was the largest die-off on record, coming on the heels of a 55% die-off the previous winter.

미국의 양봉가들은 참혹한 겨울을 보냈다. 2024년 6월부터 2025년 1월 사이, 미국 내 상업용 꿀벌 군집의 무려 62%가 폐사했다고 광범위한 조사에서 밝혀졌다. 기록상 가장 큰 집단 폐사로, 이전 겨울의 55% 집단 폐사에 이어 발생한 것이다.

As soon as scientists at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) caught wind of the record-breaking die-offs, they sprang into action—but their efforts were slowed by a series of federal funding cuts and layoffs by President Donald Trump’s administration. Now, 6 months later, USDA scientists have finally identified a culprit.

미국 농무부(USDA)의 과학자들이 이 기록적인 집단 폐사 소식을 접하자마자 즉시 대응에 나섰지만, 트럼프 대통령 행정부의 연이은 연방 예산 삭감과 인력 감축으로 인해 그들의 노력이 지연되었다. 이제 6개월이 지난 후, USDA 과학자들은 마침내 원인을 밝혀냈다.

According to a preprint posted to the bioRxiv server this month, nearly all the dead colonies tested positive for bee viruses spread by parasitic mites. Alarmingly, every single one of the mites the researchers screened was resistant to amitraz, the only viable mite-specific pesticide—or miticide—of its kind left in humans’ arsenal.

이번 달 bioRxiv 서버에 게시된 사전 공개 논문에 따르면, 폐사한 군집의 거의 대부분이 기생 진드기가 퍼뜨리는 꿀벌 바이러스에 양성 반응을 보였다. 놀랍게도, 연구진이 검사한 모든 진드기는 아미트라즈라는, 인간이 사용할 수 있는 유일한 진드기 전용 살충제에 내성이 있었다.

Tracking the rise of miticide resistance is critical, experts say. Honey bees pollinate more than 90 commercial crops in the United States, generate between $20 billion and $30 billion in agricultural revenue, and play a key role in keeping the U.S. food supply stable.

전문가들은 진드기 전용 살충제에 대한 내성 증가를 추적하는 것이 매우 중요하다고 말한다. 꿀벌은 미국 내 90가지가 넘는 상업용 작물의 수분을 담당하고, 연간 200억에서 300억 달러에 달하는 농업 수익을 창출하며, 미국 식량 공급의 안정을 유지하는 데 핵심적인 역할을 한다.

“There is a lot at stake,” says Danielle Downey, the executive director of Project Apis m., the nonprofit that conducted the bee die-off survey. USDA did not provide comment on its research to Science after multiple inquiries spanning nearly 3 weeks, with one spokesperson citing a need “to move [the request] through agency clearance.”

“잃을 것이 너무 많습니다.”라고 꿀벌 집단 폐사 조사를 실시한 비영리단체 Project Apis m.의 전무이사 다니엘 다우니가 말했다. USDA는 거의 3주에 걸친 여러 차례의 문의에도 불구하고 Science지에 연구 결과에 대한 논평을 제공하지 않았다. 한 대변인은 “요청을 기관의 승인 절차를 거쳐야 한다”고 밝혔다.

Miticide-resistant varroa mites have been a growing issue for beekeepers for years, so much so that breeders have sought to develop mite-resistant bee varieties. Since the 1980s, the parasites have evolved global resistance to at least four major classes of miticide. Unfortunately, effective new compounds are notoriously difficult to develop, and amitraz represented one of the best remaining treatments. But the preprint suggests amitraz could soon fall by the wayside.

진드기 전용 살충제에 내성을 가진 바로아 진드기는 수년간 양봉가들에게 점점 더 큰 문제가 되어 왔으며, 이로 인해 사육가들은 진드기에 강한 꿀벌 품종을 개발하려고 노력해왔다. 1980년대 이후, 이 기생충들은 최소 네 가지 주요 진드기 살충제 계열에 대해 전 세계적으로 내성을 갖게 되었다. 불행히도, 효과적인 새로운 화합물을 개발하는 것은 악명 높게 어렵고, 아미트라즈는 남아 있는 최고의 치료제 중 하나였다. 그러나 이 사전 논문은 아미트라즈마저 곧 쓸모없어질 수 있음을 시사한다.

The study’s findings are “concerning,” says Aaron Gross, a toxicologist at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Even a miticide like amitraz, widely considered one of the least toxic options to humans and bees alike, can weaken colonies when applied in high doses, says Gross, an expert in arthropod pesticide resistance who was not involved with the new work. Losing amitraz could be a major blow to beekeepers’ toolbox, he says, as many other miticides are either harsher or less effective. “You not only have to worry about killing the mite itself; you [also] don’t want to damage the honey bee.”

이 연구 결과는 “우려스럽다”고 버지니아 폴리테크닉 주립대학의 독성학자 아론 그로스는 말한다. 아미트라즈처럼 인간과 꿀벌 모두에게 가장 독성이 적은 선택지로 여겨지는 진드기 전용 살충제조차, 고용량으로 사용하면 군집을 약화시킬 수 있다고, 이번 연구에 참여하지 않은 절지동물 농약 내성 전문가 그로스는 덧붙인다. 아미트라즈를 잃는 것은 양봉가들의 도구상자에 큰 타격이 될 수 있는데, 다른 많은 진드기 전용 살충제들은 더 독하거나 효과가 떨어지기 때문이다. “진드기를 죽이는 것만 걱정하는 게 아니라, 꿀벌에 해를 끼치지 않는 것도 중요합니다.”

USDA researchers identified the mites, and their resistance to amitraz, by combing over dead honey bee colonies in forensic detail. A team led by Jay Evans and Zachary Lamas, both bee researchers at USDA’s Bee Laboratory in Beltsville, Maryland, collected dead bees from 113 affected colonies from across the U.S., as well as samples of wax, pollen, honey, and—when possible—any parasites. The samples were taken to national bee labs in Beltsville and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, where researchers extracted DNA and RNA and analyzed it for snippets of viral or bacterial genetic material. They also sequenced DNA from the recovered varroa mites and looked for genes related to miticide resistance.

USDA 연구진은 죽은 꿀벌 군집을 법의학적으로 세밀하게 조사하여 진드기와 이들의 아미트라즈 내성을 확인했다. 메릴랜드주 벨츠빌에 있는 USDA 꿀벌 연구소의 제이 에반스와 자카리 라마스가 이끄는 팀은 미국 전역 113개의 피해 군집에서 죽은 꿀벌뿐만 아니라, 밀랍, 꽃가루, 꿀, 그리고 가능할 경우 기생충 샘플도 수집했다. 이 샘플들은 벨츠빌과 루이지애나주 배턴루지의 국립 꿀벌 연구소로 보내졌고, 연구진은 DNA와 RNA를 추출해 바이러스나 박테리아 유전물질 조각을 분석했다. 또한 회수된 바로아 진드기의 DNA도 염기서열 분석하여, 진드기 전용 살충제 내성과 관련된 유전자를 찾았다.

Matthew Mulica of the Keystone Policy Center, which leads a coalition focused on honey bee health, points out that although mite-borne viruses probably dealt many colonies a killing blow, other factors such as pesticide exposure or inadequate nutrition could have made bees more susceptible to disease. In the coming weeks, USDA is expected to publish an analysis of pesticide residues found in the dead colonies. But according to Mulica, this initial report still serves as a strong initial diagnosis. “It’s a good thing that this study came out and found something we could point to.”

꿀벌 건강에 초점을 맞춘 연합을 이끄는 키스톤 정책센터의 매튜 뮬리카는, 진드기가 옮기는 바이러스가 많은 군집에 치명타를 입혔을 가능성이 높지만, 농약 노출이나 영양 부족 같은 다른 요인들도 꿀벌을 질병에 더 취약하게 만들었을 수 있다고 지적한다. 앞으로 몇 주 내에 USDA는 죽은 군집에서 발견된 농약 잔류물에 대한 분석 결과를 발표할 예정이다. 하지만 뮬리카에 따르면, 이번 1차 보고서만으로도 강력한 초기 진단이 된다고 한다. “이 연구가 나와서 우리가 원인을 지목할 수 있게 된 것은 다행스러운 일입니다.”

As miticides lose their potency, researchers are trying to develop ways of attacking honey bee viruses directly, rather than focusing on controlling varroa mites. The mites’ main threat to bees is spreading single-strand RNA viruses. In principle, a technique called RNA interference could yield treatments that trigger immune responses in bees and protect them against the viruses. But such treatments are still years away from being deployed outside the lab, and Mulica adds that no existing antivirals target these viruses.

진드기 전용 살충제의 효과가 떨어짐에 따라, 연구자들은 바로아 진드기 자체를 통제하는 대신 꿀벌 바이러스를 직접 공격하는 방법을 개발하려 하고 있다. 진드기가 꿀벌에게 미치는 주요 위협은 단일가닥 RNA 바이러스를 퍼뜨리는 것이다. 원칙적으로 RNA 간섭이라는 기술이 꿀벌의 면역 반응을 유도해 바이러스로부터 보호하는 치료법을 제공할 수 있다. 하지만 이런 치료법이 실험실 밖에서 실제로 쓰이기까지는 아직 수년이 더 걸릴 것이며, 뮬리카는 현재 존재하는 항바이러스제 중 이 바이러스를 겨냥한 것은 없다고 덧붙인다.

So for the time being, organizations such as Project Apis m. are advising beekeepers to take an all-of-the-above approach to controlling varroa mites. These measures include rotating through nonamitraz miticides, sterilizing equipment with alcohol or fire, and isolating ailing colonies to prevent mites from spreading.

따라서 당분간 Project Apis m.과 같은 단체들은 양봉가들에게 바로아 진드기 통제를 위해 가능한 모든 방법을 동원하도록 권고하고 있다. 이러한 조치에는 아미트라즈가 아닌 다른 진드기 전용 살충제를 순환 사용하기, 알코올이나 불로 장비를 살균하기, 그리고 진드기 확산을 막기 위해 병든 군집을 격리시키는 것 등이 포함된다.

For some beekeepers, however, news of the mites and their resistance to amitraz may have come too late. The preprint was released near the end of U.S. beekeepers’ annual rebuilding window. After the start of summer, it gets harder for them to fully restock their colonies, especially if they haven’t treated their hives for the right issues. Though beekeepers have been working hard to prepare for next year, Downey says many will have to move forward with fewer colonies than they’re used to.

그러나 일부 양봉가들에게는 진드기와 아미트라즈 내성 소식이 너무 늦게 도착했을 수 있다. 이 사전 논문은 미국 양봉가들의 연간 군복원 시기가 끝나갈 무렵에 공개되었다. 여름이 시작된 후에는 군집을 완전히 복원하기가 더 어려워지는데, 특히 올바른 문제 해결을 위해 벌통을 처리하지 않았다면 더욱 그렇다. 양봉가들이 내년을 위해 열심히 준비해 왔음에도, 다우니는 많은 이들이 평소보다 적은 군집으로 나아가야 할 것이라고 말한다.

Honey bee colonies can recover from one or two tough years, but too many population crashes in a row could spell disaster—which means beekeepers will need organizations such as USDA fully funded and firing on all cylinders, Downey adds. “With the right will and resources, there are tangible efforts that could prevent this happening again,” she says. “The USDA and university labs are key components.”

꿀벌 군집은 1~2년의 어려움에서 회복될 수 있지만, 연속적인 군집 붕괴가 너무 많으면 재앙으로 이어질 수 있다. 양봉가들이 USDA 같은 기관이 완전히 자금을 지원받고 전력 질주할 필요가 있음을 의미한다고 다우니는 덧붙인다. "올바른 의지와 자원만 있다면, 이를 다시 반복하지 않도록 막을 수 있는 실질적인 노력이 있습니다." 그녀는 말한다. "USDA와 대학 연구실이 핵심 요소입니다."





참아야지! 참아라! 그러면 잘 되어 갈 걸세. 친구여, 정말 자네 말이 맞네. 세상 사람들 틈에 끼여 날마다 일에 쫓기며, 다른 사람들이 하는 일과 그들의 행동을 보기 시작한 이후로 나는 나 지신과 휠씬 더 잘 타협할 수 있게 되었네. 젊은 베르테르의 슬픔 - 괴테